The celts

Origin

The most accepted theory of the origin of the Celts, is the "Indo-European". From India and the Middle East, migrated to Europe. However, some studies suggest other possible different origins of the Celtic people.

Celtic culture

Celtic culture comprises orally transmitted traditions, highlighting the stories included in the Ulster Cycle.

The dress of the Celts, as has been rebuilt, shows a colorful style and well decorated, with great tendency to mix bold colors. The main dyes that caused so fervently surely were: for red, the "Red" for Reseda luteola yellow and blue, pastel grass. The linen fabric was the oldest found, used by proto-Celts. The wool became the main raw material used once the sheep were domesticated. In the Iron Age most clothing was made of wool Celts. The fabric was woven with looms, plaid and stripes. The pieces were braccae basic dress for men and long gowns for women peplum and a bag on the belt for both.

The houses were made of armor studs, intertwined branches and twigs and mud, straw cubiertasd of entramdos. Holes distributed around the house, were used to store grain. The homes were within fortified hill, as in the case of Maiden, in Dorset.

Religion

The religion of the ancient Celts, particularly that of the Gauls before the Roman conquest, is not well known, and the data they have to rebuild it are scarce and not very accurate.

The cult was in charge of the "Druids", priests who were both educators of youth. The monuments called "Druid Stone", before the arrival of the Celts west of Europe, seem to have shown no role in the religion of the ancient Gauls.

For a long time there were only local cults especially related to mountains, forests and waters, who was invoked under different names.

The Gauls were too abstract deities or spirits of the cities.

Among the practices of popular belief is famous collection, according to fixed prescriptions, mistletoe, which is endowed with extraordinary virtues considered. Also, the oak was considered a sacred tree.

New's Wembley Stadium(2007-2013)

The Wembley Stadium is a football stadium that is located on the former site of the stadium with the same name. The Old Wembley Stadium was the most famous of all England and one of the best known worldwide. The new Wembley stadium is the local football team England.
After the demolition in 2002 of the old Wembley and the design of architect Norman Foster opened the door to a new Superestadio with a capacity of 90,000 spectators, which was completed in 2007. The project cost was around 757 million pounds (1.097 billion euros).
The stadium is connected to the metro stations of Wembley Park and Wembley Central via "White Horse Bridge".
The construction of the new Wembley was part of the project for the London 2012 Olympics, which hosted football matches both male and female and both finals.
It was expected that the national stadium was inaugurated on 13 May 2006 with the end of the FA Cup, but due to problems with the construction companies and WNSL Multiprex, set a new deadline for September 2006, with the first match qualification for Euro 2008, which was to face England against Andorra. However, again it had to delay the opening until 2007.On March 24 of that year the stadium was finally opened inmatch between the U-21 England and Italy
The stadium holds the match for the final of the FA Cup, the Community Shield and Carling Cup and the matches of the England football team.
On May 28, 2011 hosted the final of the Champions League between FC Barcelona and Manchester United, the first being winning by 3 goals to 1. In June 2011 the UEFA appointed Wembley again host the final of the Champions League in 2013, on the anniversary of the Football Association.
On August 11, 2012, the court Wembley hosted the game for the gold medal in the 2012 Olympic Games, held between teams from Brazil and Mexico, which was won by the Aztec squad by a score of two goals one.
He has received the first NFL game outside of the Americas in 2007, within the series of events called "NFL International Series", in a regular season game between the Miami Dolphins (which made local computer), and the New York Giants, who months later would proclaim champions of Super Bowl XLII.
On October 26, 2008, due to the success of the previous year, returned to play another regular season game, in this case pitting the New Orleans Saints (at home) against the San Diego Chargers.
Repeated in 2009, also facing regular season game to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (at home) and New England Patriots (as visitors).
In 2010 they played the match between Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers San Francisco 49ers where imposed by a score of 24-16.

The Hundred Years War

The Hundred Years War was an armed conflict that lasted in reality 116 years (1337-1453) between the kingdoms of France and England. This war was feudal roots, as its purpose was none other than settle who would control the vast possessions of the English monarchs in French territories since 1154, due to the accession of Henry II Plantagenet, Count of Anjou and married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the throne English. Had international implications. Finally, after countless avatars, resulted in the removal English French lands.

Origins of the conflict

The huge rivalry between France and England had already begun at the time of the Battle of Hastings, in which the French Duke William of Normandy (William the Conqueror or William the Bastard) from seizing England (1066). Now the Normans were kings of a great nation, and would require the French king to be treated as such. But the point of view of France was not the same. The Dukes of Normandy had always been his vassals, and that had risen from his duchy to a high throne in a country "far" did not have to change their traditional subservience to the crown of Paris.

The war

Among the children of Philip the Fair was Elizabeth, who was the mother of Edward III of England. The young king, of only sixteen years, tried to claim his right to the throne of France by appealing to this. if the host had English thesis, the daughters of Louis X, Philip V and Charles IV would have more right to pass the crown over his aunt Elizabeth of France.

Of course, France disagreed therefore invoked the Salic Law, which forbade the transmission of the crown through the female line, and therefore decided that the newly abandoned crown passed to the Capetian younger brother of Philip the Fair: Charles of Valois. But this was 1328, and Charles had died three years earlier. Thus, the theory corresponded French crown to his son, Philip of Valois, under the real name of Philip VI. This was the first monarch of the Valois dynasty, which reigned in France without Edward III could do anything about it.

Old Wembley Stadium(1923-2002)

Wembley Stadium (English: Wembley Stadium) was a multipurpose stadium, but mainly used for football practice, was located in the district of the same name in London, capital of England. He was the most famous stadium in Britain and one of the best known worldwide. In 2002 it was demolished and in its place was built the New Wembley.

It was opened in 1923 on the occasion of the exhibition to be held on British imperial following year, in fact his English name was Empire Stadium.

The first match played at Wembley was the final of the FA Cup in 1923, played between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United, known as the "White Horse Final".

It was "the cathedral of football 'as Pele, and paraded her big names in world football. Also plays that happened on the pitch at Wembley were played a total of five finals of the European Cup, resulting in the sports arena champions AC Milan, Manchester United, Ajax Amsterdam, FC Liverpool and Barcelona.

However, the stadium was demolished in 2002 in order to create a new Wembley, an ultramodern multipurpose arena capacity 90,000 people who can receive the London 2012 Olympic Games.

The last match played at the old Wembley was the one who summoned the teams of Argentina and England, in 2000, that ended with zero result.

In 1985 there was the first part of the Live Aid concert in the stadium filled. In 1986 the British band Queen visited the legendary stage, appearing in consecutive nights on 11 and 12 July. Then, on 29 August 1992, the event was held company SummerSlam World Wrestling Entertainment WWE record in doing Freddie Mercury Tribute completely filled again, sold all the tickets in just three days. Also, in 1995, Bon Jovi filled the stadium for three nights.

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World's Cup of Football England 1966

The VIII World Cup was held in England, between 11 and 30 July 1966.
16 teams participated in the final round, being divided into 4 groups of 4 teams where two teams from each group advanced to the quarterfinal round, from which were knockout duels.
The final was played at Wembley Stadium between England and West Germany. After tying two goals in regulation, an extension was made that Geoff Hurst scored one of the most controversial goals in the history of the sport, which to this day remains in doubt whether or not entered the goal . Finally, a fourth goal to give England its first and so far only World Cup, which they received from the hands of Queen Elizabeth II.
The scorer was the Portuguese player Eusebio, with nine goals. Moreover, for the first time in World Cup history was presented a mascot, Willie the Lion.England, West Germany and Spain submitted nominations in 1960 for organizing the eighth World Cup tournament, however the Iberian country lowered its presentation days before the election on August 22, 1960 in the city of Rome, Italy. There, the country of origin of the sport beat Germany by 34 votes to 27, mainly due to the active participation of the president of FIFA, the Englishman Stanley Rous, and as a way to celebrate the centenary of the foundation of England's Football.
In the qualifying process, 71 teams participated. 10 places were available to be distributed to areas of Europe, 4 seats to South America, North America and one remaining quota according to the rules imposed by FIFA should be played between teams from Africa and Asia, prompting an outcry from participants Africans who claimed to be entitled to a quota itself. Because FIFA's refusal to reconsider the measure, the 15 African teams withdrew as Syria and South Korea, in solidarity with the other selections.
In addition, selections of Congo, Philippines and Guatemala did not participate due to errors in registration. South Africa was also excluded as a form of rejection of its policy of apartheid. North Korea defeated Australia in search of the only quota for Asia and Oceania, which caused problems because of the lack of diplomatic relations between the host country and the North Korean republic and that almost caused the latter's absence due to lack of approval of visas.
Finally, the 14 teams ranked over England and Brazil, the defending champion, were divided into four groups in a draw held at the "Royal Garden Hotel Kingston" in London. Its format was to divide the 16 teams into four blocks, which came out a team for each group. The four blocks were "South America", "Europe Mediterranean", "Rest of Europe" and finally the selections considered "modest" (Mexico, Bulgaria, North Korea, and Switzerland).
During March 1966, the completion of the event was put in jeopardy after the theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy, which was exhibited to the public at a church in Westminster. The trophy remained lost for eight days, after which a dog named Pickles found it in the garden of a house. The thief was eventually sentenced to two years in prison, while Pickles achieved great popularity being showcased during the opening day of the event, which was first broadcast on television around the world via satellite.

Tower Bridge

The Tower Bridge, Tower Bridge in English, is a drawbridge located in London over the River Thames. It is situated near the Tower of London, which gives it its name.

The bridge is maintained by Bridge House Estates, a non-profit company under the tutelage of Corporation of London, one the city council of the City of London.

During the second half of the nineteenth century, economic development in East London, led to the need for a new step on the river below London Bridge. You could not build a traditional fixed bridge because it would cut off access to the port at that time were at the Pool of London (the Port of London original), between London Bridge and the Tower of London. A tunnel under the Thames, Tower Subway opened in 1870, but served only to pedestrian traffic.

In 1876 a special committee was formed to find a solution to pass over the river, which held a competition to choose the design of the future bridge. More than 50 designs were proposed, including one of Sir Joseph Bazalgette. The evaluation of the designs was surrounded by controversy, and it was not until 1884 when created by Horace Jones, the City Architect, was approved.

Jones's design was a drawbridge of 244 m in length, with two towers of 65 m height. The center distance of 61 m between the two towers, is divided into two cams that can be raised to an angle of 83 degrees to allow river traffic to pass. Although each cam weighs more than 1000 tons, are counterbalanced to minimize the energy required to elevate one minute. The original hydraulic mechanism used pressurized water stored in six accumulators. The water was pumped into the accumulator by steam engines. Currently, the original hydraulic machinery still opens the bridge, but has been modified to use oil instead of water, and electric motors have replaced the place of steam engines and accumulators. The former mechanism is open to the public. The bridge can carry more than 2000 tons.

Literature after the Norman Conquest

It was not until the beginning of the thirteenth century, when Albion became independent and its relations with France became more distant, the time when the language began to change. While the Normans were assimilated into the culture itself, the French penetrated the lower social classes, changing an important part of the grammar and vocabulary of Old English. Although it became a Romance language, the English of Chaucer is more like the current language that was spoken in England a century earlier.

In the late medieval period (1200-1500), the ideals of courtly love came to England and began writing romances authors, both in verse and prose. They were especially popular issues with King Arthur and his court. The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight shows many of the characteristics of literature from this period located in the Time of legendary Arthur, the book emphasizes the behavior of knights with religious overtones. At that time, the mystery plays were staged in towns and cities to celebrate major holidays, they also conducted less formal representations with religious themes.

The first great English author Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400), wrote in Middle English. His most famous work is The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories of disparate genres narrated by a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. Although Chaucer is an English author, his work was inspired by the changes and developments taking place in Europe, especially in Italy. The Canterbury Tales are clearly indebted to Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron. The Renaissance was making its way in England.

JK Rowling

Joanne "Jo" Rowling, OBE (Yate, South Gloucestershire, UK, July 31, 1965) who writes under the pseudonym J. K. Rowling is a writer and British film producer, best known for being the creator of the Harry Potter book series, whose idea was conceived during a train trip from Manchester to London in 1990. The Harry Potter books have attracted worldwide attention, won multiple awards and sold over 450 million copies.

Besides writing these novels, Rowling is equally famous for its history of having grown from a humble to be billionaire in just five years. A 2008 edition of the Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £ 560 million, being the twelfth richest woman in Britain. Forbes ranked Rowling in the fortieth place in its list of the most powerful celebrities in 2007, and Time magazine selected her as "Person of the Year 'in the same year, highlighting the social inspiration, moral and political has given the Harry Potter characters. It has become a notable philanthropist, supporting such charities as Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain

In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone on an old machine escribir.44 Given the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evans, a reader who had been assigned to review the first three chapters of the book, Christopher Little Literary Agency Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, which rejected the manuscrito.33 A year later, finally received approval (and a £ 1500 advance) editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a small British publishing house in London, Inglaterra.45 33 The decision to publish Rowling's book apparently owes to Alice Newton, the daughter of eight-year-old chairman of Bloomsbury, who received the first chapter for review and immediately asked segundo.46 Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish although the book, Cunningham says that Rowling suggested to get a job, as he believed that he had little chance of making money with books niños.47 Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an £ 8000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable it to continue writing 48 The following spring he held an auction in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, which was won by Scholastic Inc., for $ 105,000. Rowling said she "nearly died" when she heard the noticias.49
In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with a thousand copies, five hundred of which were distributed to libraries. After the worldwide success of the books, those copies went to be worth between £ 16,000 and £ 25.000.50 Five months later, the book won its first award, the Children's Book Award Nestlé. In February, the novel won the prestigious British Book Award, in the category Children's Book of the Year, and later, the Award for Best Children's Book. Its sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in July 1998.51 In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosopher's Stone in the United States under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone: a change which Rowling has repented, since stated that he had fought more to keep the title if he had been in a better posición.4
In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Best Children's Book Prize, making Rowling the first person to win three times this premio.52 later delayed the release of the fourth novel Harry Potter to allow other books were appreciated by the public. In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the Whitbread Children's Book of the Year, but lost the Book of the Year award against Seamus Heaney translation of Beowulf.53
The fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released on sale simultaneously in the UK and in the U.S. on July 8, 2000, and broke sales records in both countries. Approximately 372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in Britain, almost equaling the number of copies sold of The Prisoner of Azkaban in the first year to venta.54 In the U.S., the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, shaking all sales records libros.54 Rowling admitted that during a time of crisis while writing the novel, "When I was in the middle of the room, I realized that there was a serious failure argument. .. I went through one of my darkest moments with this book ... I rewrote a chapter thirteen times, but anyone who has read it can realize what the chapter or realize how difficult it was to create it "55 Rowling was named author of the year at 2000.56 British Awards
There was a wait of three years between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed the "writer's block", which she denied fervientemente.57 Rowling later admitted that writing the book had been like an annoying household chore. "I think the Order of the Phoenix could have been shorter", she told Lev Grossman, "I knew that, and I ran out of time and energy when I reached the end '.58
The sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released for sale on July 16, 2005. He also broke sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours in the mercado.59 While writing, she told a fan, "the sixth book has been planned for years, but before you start writing seriously spent two months revisiting the sketches and making sure he knew fully what he was doing "60 published on its website that the first chapter of the sixth book, which is based on a conversation between the Minister of Magic and the British Prime Minister, was originally to be the first chapter of Philosopher's Stone, then Chamber of Secrets and Prisoner of late Azkaban.61 In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the award for Best Book of the Year Awards for Best Books Británicos.62
The title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was revealed on December 21, 2006: Harry Potter and the Deathly Muerte.63 In February 2007 it was reported that Rowling wrote in her room at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh, there was where he had finished writing the seventh book, the 11th of January that año.64 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released for sale on July 21, 2007 and broke the record of his predecessor , making the book more quickly exhausted all tiempos.65 sold 11 million copies in the first day of release only in the United Kingdom and the United Unidos.65 Joanne said that the last chapter of the book was written "a day 1990 "as part of his early writings serie.66 During the period of a year in which Rowling completed the last book, allowed to be filmed for a documentary which aired in Britain on ITV on December 30, 2007 . It was entitled J.K. Rowling ... A year in the life and was returning to his former home of Edinburgh, where he completed the first book of Harry Potter.67 Returning to his apartment after so many years did mourn, saying it was the place "where the completely changed my life "67
Harry Potter became a trademark globally worth around 7 billion pounds, 68 and the last four Harry Potter books have set records as the fastest selling book of historia.69 65 series, with a total of 4,195 pages 70 has been translated, totally or partially, 74 idiomas.5
In 2007, following the publication of the seventh and final book in the series, Bloomsbury organized a contest in which fans were able to witness a thousand Rowling reading the first pages of the book at the Museum of Natural History Londres.71
The Harry Potter books have also been known to spark interest in reading among the young at a time when they prefer to use their time to watch TV or surf the Internet instead of reading, 72 although the impact of the books on the habits reading children have been questioned

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